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STUDIES AVAILABLE OF GINGER
Sources :- http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov
1. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2010 Oct 7. [Epub ahead of print]
The Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure Treatment on the Flavor and Color of
Grated Ginger.
Yamaguchi K, Kato T, Noma S, Igura N, Shimoda M.
Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Division of Food
Biotechnology,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of
Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University.
High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) was applied to grated ginger in order to
inactivate quality-degrading enzymes in a non-thermal manner. The effects of HHP
treatment on the flavor and the color of the grated ginger were investigated
just after treatment and during storage. After HHP treatment (400 MPa, 5 min),
geraniol dehydrogenase (GeDH) was inactivated to less than 5%, but the activity
of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was reduced only to 37%. Heat treatment (100 °C, 10
min) inactivated GeDH to 43% and PPO to about 10%. In storage, the reduction of
geranial, neral, and citronellal to the corresponding alcohols was observed in
the untreated and the heat-treated ginger, while it was not in the HHP-treated
grated ginger. In the HHP-treated sample, terpene aldehydes almost disappeared
without the formation of the corresponding alcohols. Browning was not observed
immediately after HHP treatment, while it was complete in the heat-treated
sample. The color change during storage appeared to reflect the residual
activity of PPO.
PMID: 20944393 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
2. Curr Med Chem. 2010 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]
Disposition Pathways and Pharmacokinetics of Herbal Medicines in Humans.
He SM, Li CG, Liu JP, Chan E, Duan W, Zhou SF.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of South
Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, 12901 Bruce B., Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
szhou@health.usf.edu.
Pharmacokinetic studies have become an integral part of modern drug development,
but these studies are not regulatory needs for herbal remedies. This paper
updates our current knowledge on the disposition pathways and pharmacokinetic
properties of commonly used herbal medicines in humans. To retrieve relevant
data, the authors have searched through computer-based literatures by full text
search in Medline (via Pubmed), ScienceDirect, Current Contents Connect (ISI),
Cochrance Library, CINAHL (EBSCO), CrossRef Search and Embase (all from
inception to May 2010). Many herbal compounds undergo Phase I and/or Phase II
metabolism in vivo, with cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and uridine diphosphate
glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) playing a major role. Some herbal ingredients
are substrates of Pglycoprotein (P-gp) which is highly expressed in the
intestine, liver, brain and kidney. As such, the activities of these drug
metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters are determining factors for the in
vivo bioavailability, disposition and distribution of herbal remedies. There are
increasing pharmacokinetic studies of herbal remedies, but these studies are
mainly focused on a small number of herbal remedies including St John's wort,
milk thistle, sculcap, curcumin, echinacea, ginseng, ginkgo, and ginger. The
pharmacokinetic data of a small number of purified herbal ingredients, including
anthocyanins, berberine, catechins, curcumin, lutein and quercetin, are
available. For the majority of herbal remedies used in folk medicines, data on
their disposition and biological fate in humans are lacking or in paucity. For a
herbal medicine, the pharmacological effect is achieved when the bioactive
agents or the metabolites reach and sustain proper levels at their sites of
action. Both the dose levels and fates of active components in the body govern
their target-site concentrations after administration of an herbal remedy. In
this
regard, a safe and optimal use of herbal medicines requires a full understanding
of their pharmacokinetic profiles. To optimize the use of herbal remedies,
further clinical studies to explore their biological fate including the
disposition pathways and kinetics in the human body are certainly needed.
PMID: 20939821 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
3. J Toxicol Sci. 2010;35(5):663-71.
Protective effect of Etlingera elatior (torch ginger) extract on lead
acetate--induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
Haleagrahara N, Jackie T, Chakravarthi S, Rao M, Kulur A.
Human Biology Division, School of Medicine, International Medical University,
Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. hsnagaraja@gmail.com
Lead is known to disrupt the biological systems by altering the molecular
interactions, cell signaling, and cellular function. Exposure to even low levels
of lead may have potential hazardous effects on brain, liver, kidneys and
testes. The efficacy of Etlingera elatior (torch ginger) to protect
hepatotoxicity
induced by lead acetate was evaluated experimentally in male Sprague - Dawley
rats. Rats were exposed to lead acetate in drinking water (500 ppm) for 21 days
and the effects of concurrent treatment with extract of E. elatior on hepatic
lipid hydroperoxides (LPO), protein carbonyl content (PCC), total antioxidants
(TA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione
S- Transferase (GST) levels and histopathological changes in liver were
evaluated. There was a significant decrease in TA and other antioxidant enzymes
(p < 0.05) and increase in LPO and PCC (p < 0.05) with lead acetate ingestion.
Concurrent treatment with E. elatior extract significantly reduced the LPO and
PCC (p <0.05) in serum and increased the antioxidant enzyme levels (p < 0.05) in
the liver. Significant histopathological changes were seen in hepatic tissue
with
chronic lead ingestion. Treatment with E. elatior significantly reduced these
lead-induced changes in hepatic architecture. E. elatior has also reduced the
blood lead levels (BLL). Thus, there has been extensive biochemical and
structural alterations indicative of liver toxicity with exposure to lead and E.
elatior treatment significantly reduced these oxidative damage. Our results
suggest that E. elatior has a powerful antioxidant effect against lead-induced
hepatotoxicity.
PMID: 20930461 [PubMed - in process]
4. J AOAC Int. 2010 Jul-Aug;93(4):1155-60.
Determination of fumonisin B1 in botanical roots by liquid chromatography with
fluorescence detection: single-laboratory validation.
Oles CJ, Trucksess MW.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition,
Office of Regulatory Science, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740,
USA.
The accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility characteristics of a published
method for measuring levels of fumonisin B1 (FB1) in botanical root products
were determined by an AOAC single-laboratory validation procedure. Replicates of
10
test portions of each powdered root product (black cohosh, echinacea, ginger,
ginseng, valerian, dong quai, and turmeric) at each spiking level (FB1 at 0, 50,
100, and 200 ng/g) were analyzed on 3 separate days. Test samples were extracted
with methanol-acetonitrile-water (25 + 25 + 100, v/v/v). The extracts were
centrifuged, the supernatants diluted with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)
containing 1% Tween 20 and filtered, and the filtrates applied to an
immunoaffinity column containing antibodies specific for fumonisins. After the
column was washed sequentially with PBS and water, the toxin was eluted from the
column with 80% methanol, and the eluate dried by lyophilization. The residue
was reconstituted with 50% acetonitrile. FB1 was derivatized with a mixture of
o-phthaldialdehyde and mercaptoethanol by using an LC autoinjector. Separations
were performed with an RP-LC column, and the FB1 derivative was quantified by
fluorescence detection. All root products were found to contain FB1 at <10 ng/g.
Average within- and between-day recoveries of FB1 from the botanical roots
ranged from 67 to 95% and from 68 to 100%, respectively. Total RSD values for
within- and between-day repeatability ranged from 5.5 to 26.4%. HorRat values
were <1.3
for all of the matrixes examined. The method meets the AOAC method performance
criteria at levels of >50 ng/g for the seven botanical roots tested.
PMID: 20922947 [PubMed - in process]
5. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2010 Nov;16(4):216-8. Epub 2010
Mar 19.
Sho-saiko-to-ka-kikyo-sekko as an alternative treatment for chronic tonsillitis
to avoid surgery.
Goto F, Asama Y, Ogawa K.
Department of Otorayngology, Hino Municipal Hospital, 4-3-1 Tamadaira, Hino-shi,
Tokyo 191-0062, Japan. Amifumi@bc5.so-net.ne.jp
Sho-saiko-to-ka-kikyo-sekko (TJ-109) is composed of 9 herbs (gypsum, Bupleurum
root, Pinellia tuber, Scutellaria root, Platycodon root, jujube fruit, ginseng
root, Glycyrrhiza root, and ginger rhizome). It is a folk medicine that has been
used to treat pharyngitis or acute tonsillitis. The efficacy of TJ-109 for
treating patients with chronic tonsillitis was investigated. Ten outpatients who
experienced chronic tonsillitis for more than 2 years were recruited. TJ-109 was
prescribed, and after one year of daily treatment the incidence of acute
tonsillitis before and after the treatment was compared. The incidence of acute
tonsillitis due to chronic tonsillitis decreased in all 7 patients who were
followed up. No adverse events were observed in any of the patients. In
conclusion, the herbal medicine TJ-109 effectively reduced the incidence of
acute tonsillitis. In some cases, planned tonsillectomy was avoided.
PMID: 20920806 [PubMed - in process]
6. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010 Oct;12(10):926-7. doi:
10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01241.x.
Response to Fritsche et al. (GINGER study).
Morales J, DeLuzio A.
Comment on:
Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010 Feb;12(2):115-23.
PMID: 20920047 [PubMed - in process]
7. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Sep 29. [Epub ahead of print]
Study on the cold and hot properties of medicinal herbs by thermotropism in mice
behavior.
Zhao YL, Wang JB, Xiao XH, Zhao HP, Zhou CP, Zhang XR, Ren YS, Jia L.
China Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Military Hospital, 100#
the 4th Ring Road, Beijing 100039, PR China.
It is a common sense that chewing a mint leaf causes a cold feeling, while
masticating a piece of ginger root is associated with a hot sensation. The
Traditional Chinese Medicine has termed this phenomenon as cold and hot
properties of herbs and applied them in treating certain human diseases
successfully for thousands of years. Here, we have developed an Animal
Thermotropism Behavior Surveillance System, and by using this device and other
approaches, we not only verified the existence of, but also characterized and
quantitated the cold and hot properties of medicinal herbs in animal behavioral
experiments. The results suggested that the hot and cold properties of herbal
drugs indeed correlated with the alteration of animal behavior in search for
residence temperature.
PMID: 20883763 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
8. Molecules. 2010 Sep 3;15(9):6231-43.
Identification and concentration of some flavonoid components in
Malaysian young
ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) varieties by a high performance liquid
chromatography method.
Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar HZ, Rahmat A.
Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia,
UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. upmali@yahoo.com
Flavonoids make up one of the most pervasive groups of plant phenolics. Due to
their importance in plants and human health, it would be useful to have a better
understanding of flavonoid concentration and biological activities that could
indicate their potentials as therapeutic agents, and also for predicting and
controlling the quality of medicinal herbs. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)
is a famous and widely used herb, especially in Asia, that contains several
interesting bioactive constituents and possesses health promoting properties. In
this study, total flavonoids and some flavonoid components including quercetin,
rutin, catechin, epicatechin, kaempferol and naringenin were extracted from the
leaves and rhizomes of two varieties of Zingiber officinale (Halia Bentong and
Halia Bara) at three different growth points (8, 12 and 16 weeks after
planting), and analyzed by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
method in order to determine the potential of the subterranean part of the young
ginger. The results showed that Halia Bara had a higher content of flavonoids in
the leaves and rhizomes as compared to Halia Bentong. In both varieties, the
concentration of flavonoids in the leaves decreased (Halia Bentong, 42.3%; Halia
Bara 36.7%), and in the rhizomes it increased (Halia Bentong 59.6%; Halia Bara
60.1%) as the growth period increased. Quercetin was abundant in both varieties.
The antioxidant activity determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH)
assay showed high activities (65.7%) in the leaves of Halia Bara at 8 weeks
after planting. Results suggested a good flavonoid content and antioxidant
activity potential in ginger leaves at 8 weeks after planting. The leaves of
these ginger varieties could be useful for both food flavourings and in
traditional medicine.
PMID: 20877219 [PubMed - in process]
9. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2010 Sep 28. [Epub ahead of print]
Inhibitory potential of ginger extracts against enzymes linked to type 2
diabetes, inflammation and induced oxidative stress.
Priya Rani M, Padmakumari KP, Sankarikutty B, Cherian OL, Nisha VM, Raghu KG.
Agroprocessing & Natural Products Division, National Institute for
Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) continues to be used as an important cooking
spice and herbal medicine around the world. Gingerols, the major
pungentcomponents of ginger, are known to improve diabetes, including the effect
of enhancement against insulin sensitivity. In the current study, ginger
sequentially extracted with different solvents—namely, hexane, ethyl
acetate, methanol, 70% methanol–water and water—were screened to
determine the variations in phenolic-linked active constituents. The potential
of these extracts to inhibit key enzymes relevant to type 2 diabetes and
inflammation was studied. Phenolic compounds—namely, gingerols and
shoagols—were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography.
Ethyl acetate extract showed higher activity compared with other extracts. These
studies indicate that ginger has very good potential for α-glucosidase
and α-amylase inhibition relevant for type 2 diabetes management and
cyclooxygenase inhibition for inflammation.
PMID: 20874376 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
10. Se Pu. 2010 Jun;28(6):579-89.
[Determination of 215 pesticide residues in ginger using liquid chromatography
coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry]
[Article in Chinese]
Cao J, Pang G, Wang M, Fan C.
College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian
271018, China.
A multiresidue analytical method was developed for the determination of 215
pesticides in ginger using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray
ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The pesticide residues were
extracted from ginger by acetonitrile containing 1% (v/v) acetic acid,
cleaned-up by a Sep-Pak Vac cartridge, eluted with acetonitrile-toluene (3:1,
v/v). The eluate was concentrated to about 0.5 mL with a rotary evaporator,
dried with nitrogen at room temperature. The sample was redissolved in an
acetonitrile-water mixture (3:2, v/v), then analyzed using LC-MS/MS in multiple
reaction monitoring (MRM) mode via positive electrospray ionization. The
recovery test was conducted at spiked level of limit of quantification (LOQ).
The validation results were as follows: the overall recoveries were from 68.1%
to 132.6% of which 94.4% of the recoveries were from 70% to 120%, with the
relative standard deviations of 0.4%-25.0%. The limits of detection (S/N = 3)
and the limits of quantification
(S/N = 10) were 0.01-70.45 microg/L and 0.04-234.84 microg/L, respectively. The
results demonstrated that this method is simple and with acceptable sensitivity
and accuracy to meet the requirements of the multiple pesticide residue
analysis. This method is applicable to determine 215 pesticide residues in
ginger.
PMID: 20873579 [PubMed - in process]
11. Biofactors. 2010 Sep 24. [Epub ahead of print]
Ginger ingredients inhibit the development of diethylnitrosoamine induced
premalignant phenotype in rat chemical hepatocarcinogenesis model.
Mansour MA, Bekheet SA, Al-Rejaie SS, Al-Shabanah OA, Al-Howiriny TA, Al-Rikabi
AC, Abdo AA.
Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh
11451, Saudi Arabia.
To investigate the possible antitumor activity of ginger extract against hepatic
carcinogenesis initiated by diethylnitrosoamines (DEN) and promoted by carbon
tetrachloride (CCl(4)). A total of 60 male Wistar albino rats were divided into
four groups with 15 animals in each group. Rats in group 1 (control group)
received a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of normal saline. Animals in
group 2 were given ginger (50 mg/kg/day) in drinking water for 8 weeks. Rats in
group 3 (DEN group) were injected with a single dose of DEN (200 mg/kg, i.p.), 2
weeks later received a single dose of CCl(4) (2 mL/kg i.g) by gavage as 1:1
dilution in corn oil. Animals in group 4 (DEN-ginger group) received the same
carcinogenesis induction protocol as in group 3 plus ginger (50 mg/kg/day) in
drinking water for 2 weeks before induction of hepatocarcinogenesis and
continued throughout the experimental period. DEN-initiated and CCl(4)-promoted
hepatocarcinogenesis in male Wistar rats was manifested biochemically by
elevation of serum hepatic tumor markers tested; α-fetoprotein and
carcinoembryonic antigen. In addition, hepatocarcinogenesis was further
confirmed by a significant increase in hepatic tissue growth factors; vascular
endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and
hydroxyproline content. A marked decrease in endostatin and metallothonein were
also observed. Long-term ginger extract administration 2 weeks before induction
of hepatocarcinogenesis and throughout the experimental period prevented the
decrease of the hepatic
content of metallothionein and endostatin and the increase in the growth factors
induced by the carcinogen. Moreover, ginger extract normalize serum hepatic
tumor markers. Histopathological examination of liver tissue also correlated
with the biochemical observations. These findings suggest a protective effect of
ginger extract against premalignant stages of liver cancer in the DEN-initiated
and CCl(4)-promoted hepatocarcinogenesis model in rats.
PMID: 20872761 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
12. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2010 Sep 23. [Epub ahead of print]
Effect of appetizer administration on plasma leptin level in human volunteers.
Wadikar DD, Premavalli KS.
Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddartha Nagar, Mysore, India.
The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of appetizer administration on
plasma leptin levels of human volunteers. The ginger-based appetizers, namely
ginger munch, fruit munch, jeera munch and appetizer drink, developed in the
Defence Food Research Laboratory were used for 45 volunteers. Leptin was
analyzed using the BioSource enzyme-amplified sensitivity immunoassay kit. The
fasting plasma leptin level for men and women ranged between 0.5 and 19.5 ng/ml
and between 2 and 36 ng/ml, respectively. The decreased (6-16%) plasma leptin
levels after consumption of appetizers indicated their appetizing effect.
PMID: 20860523 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
13. Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16(26):2935-47.
The efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of
hyperlipidemia; a systematic review.
Hasani-Ranjbar S, Nayebi N, Moradi L, Mehri A, Larijani B, Abdollahi M.
Faculty of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran
University of Medical, Sciences, Tehran, Iran. mohammad.abdollahi@utoronto.ca.
Objective: This review focuses on the efficacy and safety of effective herbal
medicines in the management of hyperlipidemia in human. Methods: PubMed, Scopus,
Google Scholar, Web of Science, and IranMedex databases were searched up to 11th
May 2010. The search terms were "hyperlipidemia" and ("herbal medicine" or
"medicine traditional", "extract plant") without narrowing or limiting search
elements. All of the human studies on the effects of herbs with the key
outcomeof change in lipid profiles were included. Results: Fifty three relevant
clinical trials were reviewed for efficacy of plants. This study showed
significant decrease in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol after treatment
with Daming capsule (DMC), chunghyul-dan, Glycyrrhiza glabra, garlic powder (Allicor),
black tea, green tea, soy drink enriched with plant sterols, licorice,
Satureja khuzestanica, Monascus purpureus Went rice, Fenugreek, Commiphora mukul
(guggul),Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch, Ningzhi capsule (NZC), cherry, compositie
salviae dropping pill (CSDP), shanzha xiaozhi capsule, Ba-wei-wan (hachimijiogan),
rhubarb stalk, Silybum marianum, Rheum Ribes and Jingmingdan granule (primrose
oil). Conflicting data exist for red yeast rice, garlic and guggul. No
significant adverse effect or mortality were observed except in studies with DMC,
guggul, and Terminalia belerica, Terminalia chebula, Emblica officinalis,
ginger, and garlic powder (Allium sativum). Conclusion: Amongst reviewed
studies, 22 natural products were found effective in the treatment of
hyperlipidemia that deserve further works to isolate and characterization of
their constituents to
reach novel therapeutic and more effective agents.
PMID: 20858178 [PubMed - in process]
14. Environ Pollut. 2010 Dec;158(12):3612-7. Epub 2010 Sep 18.
Fabrication, calibration and evaluation of a phosphate ion-selective
microelectrode.
Wang JJ, Bishop PL.
University of Cincinnati, 12716 Ginger Wood Lane, Clarksburg, MD 20871, USA.
johnwang1974@gmail.com
To conduct the micro-environment study of flocs in an enhanced biological
phosphorus removal (EBPR) process, a phosphate ion-selective microelectrode
wasdeveloped. The cobalt-based microelectrodes have tip diameters of 5-20μm and
respond to all the three forms of phosphate ions, namely, H(2)PO(4)(-),
HPO(4)(2-), and PO(4)(3-). The calibration curve at pH 7.5 had a slope of 31.5mV
per decade change of concentration and a R(2) value of 0.99. Other
characteristics of this microelectrode, such as response time, interferences
from pH, ion strength, DO and other anions were also evaluated.
PMID: 20851510 [PubMed - in process]
15. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010 Sep 14. [Epub ahead of print]
Anti-emetic effect of ginger powder versus placebo as an add-on therapy in
children and young adults receiving high emetogenic chemotherapy.
Pillai AK, Sharma KK, Gupta YK, Bakhshi S.
College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
PURPOSE: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are major adverse
effects of chemotherapy. Ginger has been used in postoperative and
pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting. Data on its utility in reducing CINV in
children and young adults are lacking. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty chemotherapy
cycles of cisplatin/doxorubicin in bone sarcoma patients were randomized
toginger root powder capsules or placebo capsules as an additional antiemetic to
ondensetron and dexamethasone in a double-blind design. Acute CINV was defined
as nausea and vomiting occurring within 24 hr of start of chemotherapy (days
1-4)and delayed CINV as that occurring after 24 hr of completion of chemotherapy
(days 5-10). CINV was evaluated as per Edmonton's Symptom Assessment Scale and
National Cancer Institute criteria respectively. RESULTS: Acute moderate to
severe nausea was observed in 28/30 (93.3%) cycles in control group as compared
to 15/27 (55.6%) cycles in experimental group (P = 0.003). Acute moderate to
severe vomiting was significantly more in the control group compared to the
experimental group [23/30 (76.7%) vs. 9/27 (33.33%) respectively (P = 0.002)].
Delayed moderate to severe nausea was observed in 22/30 (73.3%) cycles in the
control group as compared to 7/27 (25.9%) in the experimental group (P < 0.001).
Delayed moderate to severe vomiting was significantly more in the control group
compared to the experimental group [14/30 (46.67%) vs. 4/27 (14.81%)
(P = 0.022)]. CONCLUSION: Ginger root powder was effective in reducing severity
of acute and delayed CINV as additional therapy to ondensetron and dexamethasone
in patients receiving high emetogenic chemotherapy (ClinicalTrials.gov
identifier: NCT00940368). Pediatr Blood Cancer. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 20842754 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]